保时捷tag_保时捷Targa911

保时捷tag_保时捷Targa911 _保时捷Targa911

       对于保时捷tag的问题，我有一些经验和见解，同时也了解到一些专业知识。希望我的回答对您有所帮助。

1.卡西欧手表历史

2.豪车制造利润一般会很高，为什么汽车制造商出不了世界首富？

3.求保时捷911TURBO的各项性能指标（要英文的）

4.你认为保时捷为什么不加入F1，原因是什么？

卡西欧手表历史

       1.卡西欧手表的品牌历史

        卡西欧手表凭借创新的开发理念，不断在技术上寻求创新，将更多创新理念运用于腕表之中。 研发出GPS+全球6局电波接收，太阳能驱动，强韧机芯和多马达 驱动等掌握时计发展方向的先进技术，为消费者带来具有实用价值的六大系列腕表品牌，包括G-SHOCK、BABY-G、PROTREK、EDIFICE、SHEEN、OCEANUS。

        1974年11月，首款CASIO电子手表“CASIOTRON”诞生；

        1978年9月，首款带卡西欧液晶屏的手表“31-CS10B”诞生；

        1982年11月，模拟手表（复合式）“AQ-500”诞生；

        1983年4月，防震手表“G-SHOCK(DW-5000C)”诞生；

       

        1984年8月，可识别手写数据的手表“DB-1000”诞生；

        1985年3月，超薄型数字手表“FS-10”诞生；

        1989年2月，带天气预测传感器的数字手表“BM-100WJ”诞生；

        1991年12月，带内置汉字辞典的数据库手表“DKW-100”诞生；

        1993年4月，带数字指南针的手表“CPW-100”诞生；

        1994年12月，女士用G-SHOCK“BABY-G”诞生；

        1995年7月，在玻璃表面上显示文本数据的手表“Twincept”诞生；

        1999年6月，世界上首款带GPS传感器的手表“PRT-1GPJ”诞生；

        2000年6月，世界上首款带数码相机的手表“WQV-1”诞生；

        2001年11月，采用太阳能电池的无线电波手表“WVA-300”诞生；

        2002年11月，采用太阳能电池，带无线电波功能的G-Shock“The G”诞生；

        2004年11月，采用太阳能电池的，运动型无线电波手表“OCEANUS”诞生；

        2005年11月，OCEANUS五马达手表“OCW-600/OCW-10”诞生；

        2007年6月，轻薄全金属太阳能电波手表“OCEANUS Manta”诞生；

        2010年，G-SHOCK推出航空系列腕表；

        2012年，G-SHOCK推出 Bluetooth v4.0低耗能蓝牙智能手表；

        2014年，世界首创GPS+电波接收 G-SHOCK GPW-1000诞生；

2.卡西欧手表的历史是怎么样的,它是不是真的能用个八年都不坏啊

        卡西欧这一品牌最早出现在人们的视野之中，是在1946年，创始人樫尾忠雄在东京都三鹰市正式成立“樫尾制作所”。

        公司的名字来自「樫尾」的日语读音「Kashio」。该制作所最早是一所小型的分包工厂，主要制造显微镜的零部件和齿轮。

        后来创始人樫尾忠雄的弟弟樫尾俊雄带着自己渊博的电气知识加入了哥哥的工作所。早期樫尾制作所致力于研究继电器式的电动计算器，以取代当时采用齿轮和手动曲柄的手动计算器。

        1954年12月，完成第一款小型电动式计算器试制品。在樫尾忠雄的其另外两个弟弟加入之后，电动式计算器的技术得到进一步完善。

        1957年6月：销售世界上第一款小型电动式计算器（卡西欧14-A型），成立卡西欧计算机株式会社。随后，卡西欧电子技术研发上越走越深入，先后推出了个人计算器和世界上第一款喷墨打印机。

        至于卡西欧手表的出现，则是在1974年的11月。在此之前，卡西欧以凭借其之前的积累，先后在东京和阿姆斯特丹上市了。

        卡西欧手表是不是真的能用8年都不坏？那就要看你的使用方法已经手表的保养了哦。

3.请问卡西欧的手表经典进化史谁知道

        1974年11月，首款CASIO电子手表“CASIOTRON”诞生；1978年9月，首款带卡西欧液晶屏的手表“31-CS10B”诞生；1982年11月，模拟手表（复合式）“AQ-500”诞生；1983年4月，防震手表“G-SHOCK(DW-5000C)”诞生；1984年8月，可识别手写数据的手表“DB-1000”诞生；1985年3月，超薄型数字手表“FS-10”诞生；1989年2月，带天气预测传感器的数字手表“BM-100WJ”诞生；1991年12月，带内置汉字辞典的数据库手表“DKW-100”诞生；1993年4月，带数字指南针的手表“CPW-100”诞生；1994年12月，女士用G-SHOCK“BABY-G”诞生；1995年7月，在玻璃表面上显示文本数据的手表“Twincept”诞生；1999年6月，世界上首款带GPS传感器的手表“PRT-1GPJ”诞生；2000年6月，世界上首款带数码相机的手表“WQV-1”诞生；2001年11月，采用太阳能电池的无线电波手表“WVA-300”诞生；2002年11月，采用太阳能电池，带无线电波功能的G-Shock“The G”诞生；2004年11月，采用太阳能电池的，运动型无线电波手表“OCEANUS”诞生；2005年11月，OCEANUS五马达手表“OCW-600/OCW-10”诞生；2007年6月，轻薄全金属太阳能电波手表“OCEANUS Manta”诞生；2010年，G-SHOCK推出航空系列腕表；2012年，G-SHOCK推出 Bluetooth v4.0低耗能蓝牙智能手表；2014年，世界首创GPS+电波接收 G-SHOCK GPW-1000诞生；。

4.卡西欧手表的历史背景

        卡西欧计算机株式会社的已故创始人樫尾忠雄于1917年出生在日本高知县久礼田村（现在的南国

        市）。1923年，日本关东大地震之后，樫尾一家应在东京工作的叔父之邀，举家搬迁到了东京。高中毕业之后，樫尾忠雄当了一名车床学徒。由于工作出色，受到工厂老板的赏识，并鼓励他一边在工厂工作，一边在早稻田工业学校（现在的早稻田大学）学习深造。数年间，樫尾忠雄辗转了多个车间，积累了丰富的经验。制作过锅子和自行车的发电车灯，精湛的技艺赢得了美誉，受托对一些零部件进行加工。1946年，樫尾忠雄在东京都三鹰市正式成立“樫尾制作所”。公司的名字来自「樫尾」的日语读音「Kashio」，樫尾俊雄凭借自己天生的独创能力，开发出了一些新产品，其中包括“香烟指环”。当时二战刚刚结束，日本商品紧缺，抽烟的人都会将烟吸到最后一口。因此，樫尾俊雄发明了一种指环状的香烟夹，这样工作的时候也能吸烟。樫尾忠雄负责制造这种指环，而他们的父亲樫尾茂则负责出去销售。订单不断增多，香烟指环面市后不久便成为了热销产品。香烟指环的利润为后来新型计算器的开发奠定了资金基础。

        樫尾制作所是一所小型的分包工厂 主要制造显微镜的零部件和齿轮。樫尾忠雄有三个弟弟，分别是樫尾俊雄、樫尾和雄和樫尾幸雄。樫尾俊雄最初是在通信部（现在的日本电报电话公共公司）的东京事务所做技术员，负责建造和装配电报电话设施。但当他看到樫尾忠雄每日为了工作疲惫不堪时，决定助兄长一臂之力。樫尾俊雄小时候就喜欢思考问题，并且非常崇拜爱迪生，他告诉家人自己的梦想是长大后能成为发明家。当时，樫尾俊雄凭着自己渊博的电气知识，已经在工作系统改进方面做出了一番成绩，但他毅然决定辞职去樫尾制作所工作，以更好地发挥自己的创新才能。

        在香烟指环之后，樫尾兄弟开始尝试新产品 在1949年东京都银座举行的第一届商业展上，他们把目光放在了外国制造的电动式计算器上。当时的计算器还在使用机械齿轮，还没有计算器使用现在已普及的电子电路。当时日本使用最广泛的计算器是手动计算器，这种计算器采用的是齿轮和手动曲柄。虽然国外已经出现了使用小型马达驱动齿轮的电动式计算器，但日本还无法制造这种计算器，因为其部件加工对专业技术的要求非常高，并且需要特殊材质的材料。尽管这种电动式计算器的运算速度比手动计算器高，但比现在的计算器要慢得多，并且由于齿轮高速运转，还会发出尖锐的噪声。凭借对电气的认识，樫尾俊雄认为只需要用全电路代替机械部件便可以解决很多问题，他决定把自己设想的计算器制造出来。他采用了螺线管，并开始开发无齿轮的电动式计算器。

        樫尾忠雄和樫尾俊雄白天忙于分包的工作 夜晚则埋头开发计算器。他们向人们展示自己的试验品，然后根据反馈进行改进，从而解决了发明中遇到的各种疑难问题。尝试了十多种试验品之后，他们在1954年制造出了日本第一款电动式计算器。第二年，樫尾兄弟很自豪地把自己的产品带到了文祥堂公司。文祥堂公司是一家经营办公用品（包括计算器）的公司。不幸的是，文祥堂的负责人却说他们的计算器已经过时，因为它不会做连乘（在一个乘积后面再乘以一个数）。

5.卡西欧手表是什么国家的,它的历史和世界排名多少

        卡西欧手表是日本三大品牌之一 手表排名1.特级表：百达翡丽、爱彼、江诗丹顿、A.LANGE&SOEHNE、宝玑、ROGER DUBIUS豪爵、PARMIGIANI帕玛强尼、宝珀雅典、FRANK MULLER 法兰穆勒、GLASHUETTE ORIGINAL格拉苏蒂、芝柏。

        2.一类一等、劳力士、IWC万国、积家、卡地亚、萧邦、伯爵。

        3.一类二等：真利时、KELEK、昆仑、DANIEL ROTH、GERALD GENTA尊达、UNION、CHRONOSWISS瑞宝、PANERAI沛那海、欧米茄、DUBEY&SCHALDENBRAND杜彼萧登、EBEL玉宝。

        4.二类一等：百年灵、帝舵、TAG HEUER（豪雅）、PAUL PICOT、MARTIN BRAUN、名仕、艾美、PORSCHE DESIGN保时捷（绮年华代工，设计取胜）、IKEPOD、ALAIN SILBERSTEIN萧伯斯坦、BVLGARI宝格丽、HUBLOT、VENTURA。

        5.二类二等：雷达、摩凡陀、ETERNA绮年华、XEMEX、REVUE THOMMEN梭曼、PERRLET、SCHWARZ ETIENNE、浪琴、FORTIS、MINERA、JACQUES ETOILE、DANIEL JEAN- RICHARD、TUTIMA帝玛、SINN、MUEHLE、NOMOS、RAINER BRAND、ANHART、STOWA(JOERG SCHAUER)、SOTHIS、TEMPTION。

        6.三类：ORIS豪利时、天梭、HAMILTON汉米尔顿、MIDO米陀、ZENO、MARCELLO C、DAVOSA。

        7.四类：梅花、英纳格、罗马、西马、依波路、百浪多、艾其华、DOXA、SANDOZ、尼维达、奥尔马、BULOVA宝路华、SWATCH斯沃奇、CERTINA雪铁纳。

        8.五类：精工、西铁城；东方（双狮）、卡西欧。

6.求卡西欧手表的企业文化

        卡西欧手表发展史 谈及G-SHOCK的梦想，不免让我们想起G-SHOCK系列手表的历史起源和发展。

        G-SHOCK系列自1983年诞生之日起就一直走在年轻时尚的前沿。G-SHOCK系列强大的时尚性和包容性让它在追求最新最酷文化的同时还影响着的手表界文化的革新。

        G-SHOCK以海纳百川的潮流风范汲取与时俱进的设计理念。下面是围绕着”第一只”的G-SHOCK的概念的来展开，以下的每一款G-SHOCK手表在G-SHOCK的发展史里面都起着里程碑式作用的型号，他们采用了当时最先进的手表制造技术，或者加入超越平凡的独特设计概念，令G-SHOCK的坚韧和技术领先的产品特点深入人心，并随着时间的发展，令不同时代的人热烈追捧。

        1983年：G-SHOCK开始问世G-SHOCK赖以不断发展的根本概念乃是抗震。最初发售的原版G-SHOCK乃是DW-5000C，这是一种达到卡西欧公司三个”10”标准的划时代的数字石英表，单以它的抗震能力而言，就远远超过一般人支手表的概念。

        （从现实意义上来说，有多少人准备用曲棍球来打击自己的手表呢？那不是发疯啦？）可是卡西欧的工程师们并没有因此罢手，而是不断地提出挑战。实际上原先的减震系统，经起以后的保护装置来已经不值一提了。

        1993年：达到了潜水者新的深度1993年FROGMAN DW-6300系列问世。它对于潜水时间和出水时间分别市场计算，而且首先将G-SHOCK的防水功能提高到ISO所认可的海面下200米深度抗水的标准。

        为了满足水下工作环境的要求，适合潜水者使用的DW-6300系列使用了螺旋后盖，而且外露的部件完全涂上树脂大大提高了它的密封性和防水能力。这个系列后来演进为有电子萤光照明和使用钛金属DW-8200系列。

        深水之王当然，你总是要上来的。当你迅速地瞥一眼你的潜水型手表，你便知道还有几分钟可以在深水中快乐逍遥，暂时还不用回到那个沉闷的水上世界。

        你戴的是什么表？是G-SHOCK FROGMAN，表身是钛制的，比不锈钢更轻，更能防锈，对于在海水环境中工作的人极为理想。FROGMAN能满足国际标准协会所规定的极其严格的海面200米以下的防水要求，它具有许多优良品质和特殊功能，确实是潜水者的最佳选择。

        钛制表壳和FROGMAN吉祥物整个表壳由防锈的轻金属制成，后盖上镌有FROGMAN的吉祥物-----一只背负着潜水氧气的大牛蛙。、潜水时间测量和电子萤光照明有经验的潜水者都知道水压的危险。

        在潜水之前，潜水员都要小心计算地在某一深度可待多长时间才能保证人身安全，出水以后要隔多长时间才能再次潜水。千万不能搞错。

        一旦计算出来，就要牢牢记住----不要叫你自己记住，而是让你的FROGMAN代你记住，把你的潜水时间，以及出水的间隔时间等数据输入手表，然后按“start“（开始）按钮潜入深水。FROGMAN会把当前是什么时间，你开始潜水的时间以及你已经潜水多长时间一下子都告诉你。

        你每揿一下按钮，电子萤光就会照明两秒钟表，即便你伸手不见五指的海下深处，你也能看清这些潜水数据。一旦升到水面，你重按“start”开关，于是FROGMAN又自动开始计算你在水面上的时间。

        树脂表壳，按钮都有护膜表向是钛制的，完全包裹在树脂护膜里。在手表左边在重要的“功能”和“调整”按钮上都有一层树脂护膜保证你不至于揿错按钮，或把时间调错。

        右边是比较“方便”的按钮，没有护膜，甚至在深水中，你按萤光照明开关或潜水数据显示开关都极其方便。 舒适、稳妥的树脂表带表带用韧性树脂制成，无论是戴在手臂上或是潮湿的防护手套上，都很稳妥可靠，不致脱落。

        由于使用搭扣，戴得更牢固，佩戴或卸下也很方便。最后还要补充一名，表带的背面有些小槽，可以让水或汗更快地流掉，使表带干燥起来更快。

        全自动电子照明，给夜间视物一束光亮数字式手表在报时方面引起了一场革命。早期的数字表有不少缺点黑夜无法报时便是其中之一。

        为了解决这个问题，早先的G-SHOCK表都有微光从表壳的旁侧照亮液晶屏。虽然微光聊胜于无，但必须选择正确的视角，才能看清液晶屏上的数字。

        1990年推出的DW-6000系列是第一块有微光照明的G-SHOCK表。卡西欧努力研究数字式手表的照明方法，终于找到了一种用交流电的电子照明的方案。

        这种电子萤光是从底部照亮液晶屏的，所以大大地提高了可见度。1994年推出的著名的DW-6600系列是首先采用彩色（蓝色）电子萤光照明的。

        卡西欧还 *** 发行了几种根据DW-6900系列原理发展的型号。这些型号上都有滑稽可笑的动画。

        从此G-SHOCK表家喻户晓，人人皆知，销路直线上升。 1995：完全做到防锈人人都知道，可以买到高度防水、防尘土、防泥的G-SHOCK表，但在防锈上还没有完全保证。

        自从推出FISHERMAN DW-8600系列以后，防锈问题便彻底解决了。这种表是供和海洋打交道的人使用的。

        所以和海洋有关的重要功能都完全具备，如潮汐图、日出/日落时间等等，防锈也是这种表的一个非常重要的性能。FISHERMAN之所以能高度防锈，是因为它使用了钛。

        这种较轻的金属不会生锈，也不会引起过敏反应。以前FROGMAN/DW-8200系列也使用过钛。

        不过DW-8600却。

7.宝路华手表的历史是怎么样的

        宝路华手表的创立者是一名移民到美国的年轻人，约瑟夫.宝路华，因此手表的品牌名也命名为宝路华。

        在1911年时，宝路华手表销售的台式钟和怀表引起了巨大的反响，许多消费者慕名来购买，因此销量十分可观，于是第二年起有了瑞士的制表工厂，专门生产宝路华手表。 当时人们都觉得虽然台式钟和怀表十分精准，但便携性仍不能满足人们的需求，因此宝路华与1919年开始生产可以佩戴在手腕上的表，简称腕表。

        宝路华因此开始创作与研发出越来越多的类型，之后同年推出了腕表的男士系列，深受男士消费者的青睐。之后的女士系列与1924年推出，为了设计出女士表精美的外观，宝路华开始为手表的装饰加上了钻石。

        宝路华从此以后开始制作出收音机闹钟、电子计时钟表、卫星时钟等等，荣获许多赞赏与荣誉。

8.卡西欧的历史

        1995年3月在中国广东省成立两家合资公司：卡西欧电子（珠海）有限公司和卡西欧电子（中山）有限公司，前者生产和销售电子琴，后者生产和销售科学计算器和电子记事本。推出带液晶显示屏的QV-10数码相机

        1998年4月推出兆像素数码相机QV-5000SX

        2001年4月成立卡西欧新加坡有限公司，收到数码相机照片打印自助服务机（Let'sPhoto）的订单 ，8月卡西欧微电子有限公司在嘉斯达克证券交易所上市

        2002年6月推出世界首款卡片大小的超薄型液晶数码相机EXILIM

        2003年3月推出轻薄型数码相机EXILIMZOOMEX-Z3

        2004年3月推出长寿命电池的数码相机EXILIMZOOMEX-Z30/Z40

        2004年4月与日立公司成立合资公司——卡西欧日立移动通信有限公司，进行手机开发。推出EXILIMPROEX-P600，这是EXILIM系列的最高型号，带6百万像素CCD

9.电子手表的历史演变

        电子手表出现在20世纪50年代，它经历了四代演变。

        第一代叫摆动式（用电磁摆轮代替发条驱动）电子手表。这种表在1959年由瑞士开始研制，是利用生产摆轮游丝的成熟经验和精湛技术制成的。

        第二代叫音叉电子手表。1960 年，美国研制成音叉电子手表。

        它是电子技术和精密机械加工结合的初步尝试。这种表的零件加工要求和装配调整工艺比机械表难度要大，所以还没有来得及推广就被迅速发展的第三，第四代电子手表代替。

        第三代叫指针式水晶电子表。水晶就是石英的俗称。

        1930年制成世界上第一台石英钟。60年代，半导体集成电路的发展，使水晶应用于手表工业成为可能。

        1969 年，日本研制成石英电子手表。第四代叫液晶显示式电子手表，也叫全电子表或固态表。

        20 世纪70 年代，瑞士、日本等国研制成液晶显示（表盘上直接显示数字）石英电子手表，它是全电子化的手表，无任何走动元件，内部结构运用集成电路，走时更为精确。这种表1973年投入市场。

        后来又出现了具有多功能的数字式电子手表。第五代叫电波表，电波表机身由原子时钟和无线电接收系统组成，由国家授时中心发出准确时间，通过无线电接收系统接可以自动校对时间的手表。

        卡西欧公司自1995年发售第一只电波表（FKT-100）以来，至2007年5月全球累计销售电波表已突破一千万只大关。 电波表内置高感度小型天线，接收标准电波进行自动对时，因而可以实现时间上的精准。

        在国际上，德国、英国、美国、日本都已经有标准电波的发送。2007年7月，在中国河南商丘建成的新电波塔已经开始发送电波。

豪车制造利润一般会很高，为什么汽车制造商出不了世界首富？

       远的不谈，就谈这最近20年左右的；；；

       法拉利赛车主要活跃在F1领域：是F1的元老车队，从1999-2004连续6年获得F1车队冠军，迈克尔舒马赫获得2000-2004五年的车手总冠军，这阶段的法拉利可以说是从创立到现在为止最辉煌的时期，也创造了无数的F1记录，此外2007-2008这两年也获得了车队总冠军。。。。

       保时捷1986年成为第一辆夺冠巴黎-达喀尔越野赛的跑车。1998年911 GT1 赛车两次在勒芒24 小时耐力赛中获胜，为保时捷摘得了在这项赛事上的第16 个桂冠。2008年保时捷成立60周年纪念。同时在美国勒芒系列赛（ALMS）里面，年度GT2组冠军由保时捷997 GT3 RSR获得；LMP2组，RS Spyder再次问鼎，只不过仅仅领先第二名本田的讴歌厂队1分。

       依照赛车事业的影响力，F1的影响力要强于其他，所以法拉利在赛车运动的成就更大。

求保时捷911TURBO的各项性能指标（要英文的）

       保时捷在2016年交付了超过23.8万辆车，对于它们来说是一个很了不起的数字，为其带去了总共39亿欧元（290亿人民币）的营业利润，比2015年增长了14个百分点，平均每辆车的净利润达到17,250美元（11.9万人民币），增长了9个百分点。而它的竞争对手，像戴姆勒集团在2016年每台车的净利润约5000美元（3.5万人民币），和宝马差不多。不过，无论是戴姆勒、宝马还是保时捷都不如法拉利近年来赚得多。

       这家意大利超跑公司在2016年创下了平均每辆车90,000美元（62.2万人民币）的净利润，这其中包含了30%左右的发动机、饰品和法拉利主题公园的收入，但对于年销售仅8,000台车的法拉利来说也十分巨大。在过去三年，保时捷年产量增长了47%，现在等同于宝马年产量的十分之一。起价47,500美元（32.8万人民币）的Macan(参数|) SUV占据了保时捷总销量的40%，是该公司最畅销也是最廉价的车型。

       “我们专注于讨好顾客，”保时捷董事会主席Oliver BLume曾这样表示。它们曾发布过一系列配饰，其中包括可进行4,000种定制、价格高达17,000美元（11.7万人民币）的TAG Heuer（泰格豪雅）智能手表。

如果算上免费从工厂提车的话，保时捷每台车的总收入大概为99,000美元（68.3万人民币），这样的成功有望在新一代911(参数|)和未来即将发布的Mission E中同样上演。

你认为保时捷为什么不加入F1，原因是什么？

       The Porsche 911 (pronounced as Nine Eleven, German: Neunelfer) is a sports car made by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany. The famous, distinctive, and durable design is notable for being rear engined like the Porsche-designed Volkswagen Beetle it had been based on. The car was also air-cooled until the introduction of the all-new Type 996 in 1998. Since its introduction in autumn 1963[1], it has undergone continuous development[2]. The basic concept remained unchanged throughout its evolution.[2]

       Since its inception the 911 has been modified, both by private teams and by the factory itself, for racing, rallying and other types of automotive competition. It is often cited as the most successful competition car ever, as the normally aspirated 911 Carrera RSR in the mid 1970s has won major world championship sports car races such as Targa Florio, Daytona, Sebring or Nürburgring outright even against prototypes. The 935 turbo also added the coveted 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1979.

       In the 1999 international poll for the award of Car of the Century, the 911 came fifth after the Ford Model T, the Mini, the Citro?n DS and the Volkswagen Beetle. It is the only one in the top five that remained continuously in production.[3] It is the most successful surviving application of the air- (now water-) cooled opposed rear engine layout pioneered by its original ancestor, the Volkswagen Beetle, having increased its original 25 PS (18 kW; 25 hp) more than tenfold, or 30fold in turbocharged race cars. It is the third-oldest sports car nameplate still in production, behind the Chevrolet Corvette, and the Nissan Skyline.

       Contents [hide]

       1 Article notes

       2 Air-cooled engines (1963–1996)

       2.1 Porsche 911 classic (1963–1989)

       2.1.1 911 Carrera RS (1973 and 1974)

       2.1.2 G- series (1974 and later)

       2.1.3 Position vis-à-vis the Porsche 928

       2.1.4 911 Turbo (Type 930) (1974–1989)

       2.1.5 911 3.2 Carrera series (1983–1989)

       2.2 964 Series (1989–1993)

       2.2.1 964 Turbo (1990–1993)

       2.3 993 Series (1993–1998)

       2.3.1 993 Turbo (1995–1998)

       3 Water-cooled engines (1997–present)

       3.1 996 Series (1997–2004)

       3.1.1 US-spec water-cooled 911 Carrera

       3.1.2 996 GT3 (1999–2004)

       3.1.3 996 Turbo (2000–2004)

       3.2 997 Series (2005–Present)

       3.2.1 997 Turbo

       3.2.2 997 GT3

       3.2.3 997 GT2

       4 911 GT1

       5 Electric vehicles

       6 Awards

       7 Footnotes

       8 References

       9 Further reading

       10 External links

       [edit] Article notes

       Not all of the Porsche 911 models ever produced are mentioned here. The listed models are notable for their role in the advancements in technology and their influence on other vehicles from Porsche.

       The car was and is always sold as 911, although the articles below use Porsche's internal classifications:

       Porsche 911 classic (1964–1989)

       Porsche 964 (1989–1993)

       Porsche 993 (1993–1998) wide body

       Porsche 996 (1999–2004) all new body and water-cooled engines

       Porsche 997 (2004–Present)

       "Carrera", "GT3", "Turbo", etc. refer to the specific model trim, as they are all 911s, e.g., "Porsche 911 Turbo."

       The series letter (A, B, C, etc.) is used by Porsche to indicate the revision for production cars. It often changes annually to reflect changes for the new model year. The first 911 models are the "A series", the first 993 cars are the "R series".

       [edit] Air-cooled engines (1963–1996)

       [edit] Porsche 911 classic (1963–1989)

       Porsche 911 of 1968Main article: Porsche 911 classic

       The 911 can trace its roots back to sketches drawn by Ferdinand "Butzi" Porsche in 1959.[4] The Porsche 911 classic was developed as a much more powerful, larger, more comfortable replacement for the Porsche 356, the company's first model, and thus essentially a sporting evolution of the Volkswagen Beetle. The new car made its public debut at the 1963[1] Frankfurt Motor Show (German: Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung).[5] The car presented at the auto show had a non-operational mockup of the 901 engine, receiving a working one in February 1964.[4]

       It originally was designated as the "Porsche 901" (901 being its internal project number). 82 cars were built as 901s.[4] However, Peugeot protested on the grounds that in France it had exclusive rights to car names formed by three numbers with a zero in the middle. So, instead of selling the new model with another name in France, Porsche changed the name to 911. Internally, the car's part numbers carried on the prefix 901 for years.[4] Production began in September 1964[5], the first 911s reached the US in February 1965 with a price tag of US$6,500.[4]

       Porsche 911E with Fuchs wheels, 1969The earliest edition of the 911 had a 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp)[1] flat-6 engine, in the "boxer" configuration like the 356, air-cooled and rear-mounted, displaced 1991 cc compared with the 356's four-cylinder, 1600 cc unit. The car had four seats although the rear seats were very small, thus the car is usually called a 2+2 rather than a four-seater (the 356 was also a 2+2). It was mated to a four or five-speed manual "Type 901" transmission. The styling was largely by Ferdinand "Butzi" Porsche, son of Ferdinand "Ferry" Porsche. Erwin Komenda, the leader of the Porsche car body construction department, was also involved in the design.

       The 356 came to the end of its production life in 1965, but there was still a market for a 4-cylinder car, particularly in the USA. The Porsche 912, introduced the same year, served as a direct replacement, offering the 356's 4-cylinder, 1600 cc, 90 hp (67 kW) engine inside the 911 bodywork.

       In 1966 Porsche introduced the more powerful 911S, the engine's power raised to 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp). Alloy wheels from Fuchs, in a distinctive 5-leaf design, were offered for the first time. In motorsport at the same time, installed in the mid-engined Porsche 904 and Porsche 906, the engine was developed to 210 PS (154 kW).

       In 1967 the Targa (meaning "shield" in Italian[6]) version was introduced as a "stop gap" model. The Targa had a stainless steel-clad roll bar, as Porsche had, at one point, thought that the NHTSA would outlaw fully open convertibles in the US, an important market for the 911. The name "Targa" (which means "shield" in Italian) came from the Targa Florio sports car road race in Sicily, Italy in which Porsche had notable success, with seven victories since 1956, and four more to come until 1973. This last win in the subsequently discontinued event is especially notable as it was scored with a 911 Carrera RS against prototypes entered by Italian factories of Ferrari and Alfa Romeo. The road going Targa was equipped with a removable roof panel and a removable plastic rear window (although a fixed glass version was offered alongside from 1968).

       The 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) 911T was also launched in 1967 and effectively replaced the 912. The staple 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) model was renamed the 911L. The 911R had a very limited production (20 in all), as this was a lightweight racing version with thin aluminium doors, a magnesium crankcase, twin-spark cylinder heads, and a power output of 210 PS (154 kW).

       In 1969 the B series was introduced: the wheelbase for all 911 and 912 models was increased from 2211 to 2268 mm (87 to 89? in), an effective remedy to the car's nervous handling at the limit. The overall length of the car did not change: rather, the rear wheels were relocated aft. Fuel injection arrived for the 911S and for a new middle model, 911E. A semi-automatic Sportomatic[7] model, composed of a torque converter, an automatic clutch, and the four speed transmission, was added to the product lineup. It was canceled after the 1980 model year[8] partly because of the elimination of a forward gear to make it a three-speed.[8]

       The 2.2 L 911E was called "The secret weapon from Zuffenhausen"[citation needed]. Despite the lower power output of the 911E (155 PS (114 kW; 153 hp)) compared to the 911S (180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp)) the 911E was quicker in acceleration up to 160 km/h (100 mph).

       The 1972–1973 model years consisted of the same models, but with a new, larger 2341 cc (142 in?) engine. This is universally known as the "2.4 L" engine, despite its displacement being closer to 2.3 litres. The 911E and 911S used mechanical fuel injection (MFI) in all markets. The 911T was carbureted. In January, 1973, US 911Ts were switched to the new K-Jetronic CIS (Continuous Fuel Injection) system from Bosch.

       With the power and torque increases, the 2.4 L cars also got a newer, stronger transmission, identified by its Porsche type number 915. Derived from the transmission in the Porsche 908 race car, the 915 did away with the 901/911 transmission's "dog-leg" style first gear arrangement, opting for a traditional H pattern with first gear up to the left, second gear underneath first, etc.

       911S models also gained a discreet spoiler under the front bumper to improve high-speed stability. With the car's weighing only 1050 kg (2315 lb), these are often regarded as the best classic mainstream 911s. For racing at this time, the 911 ST was produced in limited numbers (the production run for the ST only lasted from 1970 to 1971. The cars were available with engines of either 2466 cc or 2492 cc, producing 270 PS (199 kW; 266 hp) at 8000 rpm. Weight was down to 960 kg (2166 lb). The cars had success at the Daytona 6 Hours, the Sebring 12 Hours, the 1000 km Nürburgring and the Targa Florio.

       [edit] 911 Carrera RS (1973 and 1974)

       Porsche 911 Carrera RS, 1973These models, valued by collectors, are considered by many to be the greatest classic 911s all-time. RS stands for Rennsport in German, meaning race sport in English. The Carrera name was reintroduced from the 356 Carrera which had itself been named after Porsche's class victories in the Carrera Panamericana races in Mexico in the 1950s. The RS was built so that Porsche could enter racing formulae that demanded that a certain minimum number of production cars were made. Compared with a standard 911S, the Carrera 2.7 RS had a larger engine (2687 cc) developing 210 PS (207 hp/154 kW) with MFI, revised and stiffened suspension, a "ducktail" rear spoiler, larger brakes, wider rear wheels and rear fenders. In RS Touring form it weighed 1075 kg (2370 lb), in Sport Lightweight form it was about 100 kg (220 lb) lighter, the saving coming from the thin-gauge steel used for parts of the bodyshell and also the use of thinner glass. In total, 1580 were made, comfortably exceeding the 500 that had to be made to qualify for the vital FIA Group 4 class. 49 Carrera RS cars were built with 2808 cc engines producing 300 PS (221 kW).

       In 1974, Porsche created the Carrera RS 3.0 with K-Jetronic Bosch fuel injection producing 230 PS (169 kW). It was almost twice as expensive as the 2.7 RS but offered a fair amount of racing capability for that price. The chassis was largely similar to that of the 1973 Carrera RSR and the brake system was from the Porsche 917. The use of thin metal plate panels and a spartan interior enabled the shipping weight to be reduced to around 900 kg (1984 lb).

       1976 Porsche 911 2.7The Carrera RSR 3.0 was sold to racing teams, and scored outright wins in several major sports car races of the mid 1970s. Also, a prototype Carrera RSR Turbo (with 2.1 L engine due to a 1.4x equivalency formula) came second at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1974 and won several major races, a significant event in that its engine would form the basis of many future Porsche attempts in sportscar racing. Save for the earlier Porsche 917, it can be regarded as Porsche's start of its commitment to turbocharging also in road cars.

       [edit] G- series (1974 and later)

       Model year 1974 saw three significant changes. First, the engine size was increased to 2687 cc giving an increase in torque. Second, was the introduction of impact bumpers to conform with low speed protection requirements of US law, these bumpers being so successfully integrated into the design that they remained unchanged for 15 years. Thirdly, the use of K-Jetronic CIS Bosch fuel injection in two of the three models in the line up— the 911 and 911S models, retaining the narrow rear fenders of the old 2.4, now had a detuned version of the RS engine producing 150 and 175 PS (110 and 129 kW) respectively.

       The Carrera 2.7, now a regular production model, inherited the wider rear wings of the RS together with its 210 PS (154 kW) MFI engine and was indeed mechanically identical to the 1973 RS and still weighed the same at 1075 kg (2370 lb). All three models were given high backed front seats.

       The 930 Turbo was introduced in 1975 (see below). The Carrera 3.0 was introduced in 1976 with what was essentially the Turbo's 2994 cc engine minus the turbocharger, and with K-Jetronic CIS although now developing 200 PS (147 kW).

       Also produced in the 1976 model year for the U.S. market, was the 912E, a 4-cylinder version of the 911 like the 912 that had last been produced in 1969. It used the I-series chassis and the Volkswagen 2.0 engine from the Porsche 914. In all, 2099 units were produced. In 1976 the front-engine Porsche 924 took this car's place for the 1977 model year and beyond.

       [edit] Position vis-à-vis the Porsche 928

       Main article: Porsche 928

       Although Porsche was continuing with the development of the 911, executives were troubled by its declining sales numbers and in 1971 approved work on the Porsche 928. With a front-mounted V8 engine that was considerably more powerful than the contemporary 911's, the larger 928 was not only designed to eclipse its performance, it was designed to be a more comfortable car, a sporty grand tourer rather than a real sports car. The 928 sold reasonably well, and managed to survive from its introduction in 1977 until 1995. Throughout its 17 years, despite its capabilities on the road, it never managed to outsell the 911. Not intended for racing, it achieved little success in the hands of privateers.

       [edit] 911 Turbo (Type 930) (1974–1989)

       Main article: Porsche 930

       1982 911SC Slantnose editionIn 1974 Porsche introduced the first production turbocharged 911. Although called simply Porsche 911 Turbo in Europe, it was marketed as Porsche 930 (930 being its internal type number) in North America. The body shape is distinctive thanks to wide wheel-arches to accommodate the wide tires, and a large rear spoiler often known as a "whale tail" on the early cars, and "tea-tray" on the later ones. Starting out with a 3.0 L engine 260 PS (256 hp/191 kW), these early cars are known for their exhilarating acceleration coupled with challenging handling characteristics and extreme turbo lag. For 1978, capacity rose to 3.3 L 300 PS (296 hp/221 kW), and an intercooler was added which was placed under the rear spoiler.

       Production figures of the basic 930 soon qualified it for FIA Group 4 competition, with the racing version called the Porsche 934 of 1976. Many participated at Le Mans and other races including some epic battles with the BMW 3.0 CSL "Batmobile". The wilder FIA Group 5 version called Porsche 935 evolved from the 2.1 L RSR Turbo of 1974. Fitted with a slope nose, the 500+ PS car was campaigned in 1976 by the factory, winning the world championship title. Private teams went on to win many races, like Le Mans in 1979, and continued to compete successfully with the car well into the 1980s until the FIA and IMSA rules were changed.

       Only in 1989, its last year of production, was the 930 equipped with a five-speed gearbox. The 930 was replaced in 1990 with a 964 version featuring the same 3.3 L engine. There have been turbocharged variants of each subsequent generation of 911.

       Porsche Carrera RSR turbo, 1000km Nürburgring 1974In 1981, a Cabriolet concept car was introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show. Not only was the car a true convertible, but it also featured four-wheel drive, although this was dropped in the production version. The first 911 Cabriolet debuted in late 1982, as a 1983 model. This was Porsche’s first cabriolet since the 356 of the mid-1960s. It proved very popular with 4,214 sold in its introductory year, despite its premium price relative to the open-top targa.[9] Cabriolet versions of the 911 have been offered ever since.

       It was during this time, that Porsche AG decided the long-term fate of the 911. In 1979 Porsche had made plans to replace the 911 with their new 928. Sales of the 911 remained so strong however, that Porsche revised its strategy and decided to inject new life into the 911 editions.

       Peter W. Schutz (CEO Porsche AG 1981-1987) wrote:

       “The decision to keep the 911 in the product line occurred one afternoon in the office of Dr. Helmuth Bott [1], the Porsche operating board member responsible for all engineering and development. I noticed a chart on the wall of Professor Bott’s office. It depicted the ongoing development schedules for the three primary Porsche product lines: 944, 928 and 911. Two of them stretched far into the future, but the 911 program stopped at the end of 1981. I remember rising from my chair, walking over to the chart, taking a black marker pen, and extending the 911 program bar clean off the chart. I am sure I heard a silent cheer from Professor Bott, and I knew I had done the right thing. The Porsche 911, the company icon, had been saved, and I believe the company was saved with it.”[10]

       911 SC sales totaled 58,914 cars.[9]

       [edit] 911 3.2 Carrera series (1983–1989)

       1986 Porsche 911 Carrera CabrioletWith the 911’s future ensured, 1983 saw the launch of a replacement for the successful SC series. It was the model year 1984 911 3.2 Carrera, reviving the Carrera name for the first time since 1975. The 911 3.2 Carrera was the last iteration in the original 911 series, with all subsequent models featuring new body styling with new brake, electronic and suspension technologies.

       参照/usa/models/911/911-turbo/

       保时捷曾经在f1战场上很厉害，要知道保时捷的涡轮技术再找不出第二家，保时捷是德国汽车品牌，创始人为费迪南德·保时捷（又译作费迪南德·波尔舍）。在1932年的巴黎国际展览会上，保时捷已经名扬四海。保时捷汽车具有鲜明的特色，甲壳虫式的车形，后置式发动机和优异的性能，令它很快成为知名的汽车。时捷认为F1赛事不适合保时捷的品牌风格，但是大众汽车内部确实有一份详细的保时捷F1车队参赛计划备案，保时捷F1车队计划目前唯一的障碍就是之后V6引擎规则，大众汽车还不清楚这项规则对F1的形式走向影响所以才会一直把计划束之高阁。所以最近FOM总裁伯尼才有底气对奔驰车队开骂，不管奔驰以后玩不玩大众汽车终究会以其他品牌名义加入F1的

       好了，今天我们就此结束对“保时捷tag”的讲解。希望您已经对这个主题有了更深入的认识和理解。如果您有任何问题或需要进一步的信息，请随时告诉我，我将竭诚为您服务。